Pharmaceutical firms and payers face dual challenges of ensuring patient access to medicines while maintaining economic incentives for development of innovative treatments. This balance – in economic terms, dynamic efficiency – is crucial. The global nature of pharmaceuticals adds complexity, as preferences and resources very across countries. Recently, novel frameworks have been proposed to estimate optimal producer surplus (PS), each with unique assumptions and relevance to different markets. This panel will discuss the core challenge of dynamic efficiency in pharmaceutical markets. Panelists will provide diverse perspectives on approaches to estimating dynamic efficiency at the industry and product levels. The issue that will be debated is whether dynamic efficiency and estimates of PS are helpful for characterizing the value of a medicine retrospectively, prospectively, or not at all. Attendees will gain insights into the complexities of dynamic efficiency and potential pathways to maintaining and demonstrating it as more patient-centered aspects of value are incorporated into value assessments.